advantages and disadvantages of environmental risk management

Q.1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of environmental risk management? Advantages: 1. Better strategy of company. Through the environmental risk management, we are going to have a better understanding on the environment, which may make have a better decision making on company strategy. Usually, if we know a place which may suffer from earthquake or tsunami frequently, we may not build or open some department on that place in order to reduce risk. If we have better understand or information for environmental risk, we can avoid some risk by locating the facilities at best place. So, risk is reduced and better business plan can be run as we have better information. 2. Reduce the money and life loss bring by†¦show more content†¦The risk management has its own limitation. 3. Increase company cost in risk management due to skilled staff employment and equipment purchasing. Cost is needed to practice the environmental risk management. Practicing business risk management involves different cost like time cost of manager ,money cost on skilled staff employment and equipment purchasing. The high cost of risk management can highly reduce the profit of a business. It is a common problem of any risk management , however, it is more serious when it comes to environmental risk management. Extremely high-technology equipment is needed for better estimating a neutral disaster. For example, Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) in USA, using the highest technology level to monitor any possible disaster, and it used over billions of dollars to develop as the equipment is really high-tech. It is very costly for company or government to buy or invest the equipment needed for monitoring the environment risk. 2.What are the difficulties and challenges on implementing environment risk management in a company and society? 1. Staff may not have enough knowledge on risk management A group of well trained professional people are needed to implement risk management cause environmental risk management is a complicated process, required calculation, analyzing , brain storming, etc. In some country, it is not easy to find professional risk manager. Like some developing country,Show MoreRelatedAdvantages of Pheromone Application in Controlling Pests Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesPHEROMONE APPLICATION IN CONTROLLING PESTS 1. Introduction Pest management has become more and more vital issue in the development of agriculture. Traditional pest control tends to apply pesticides to uncovered areas far from where its needed and make use of it far more than necessary. Nowadays, scientists find a chemical substance from insects and make it applied in pest control, this kind of chemical substance is called pheromones. What are pheromones? Pheromones are the chemical substancesRead MoreLegal And Practical Advice On Procuring Of The Organisation New Build Programme1724 Words   |  7 Pagesdemolition of the building and how noxious substances can be dealt with safely. This section will also evaluate the legislation for environmental protection and management. This will include subject matters such as Environmental Management Plans (EMP), Waste Management, COSHH, Air and Noise Pollution inter alia. The fourth Section of the report will consist of an environmental impact assessment. This will investigate the various planning components that impact upon the Environment. The report will thenRead MoreA Lecture On International Sustainable Tourism1218 Words   |  5 PagesLine Reporting, which means expanding the traditional reporting framework to take into account environmental and social performance in addition to financial performance. 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The following discourse studies its strategic management process. SWOT Analysis This is an analysis that helps identify whether set goals are attainable. Strengths †¢ Some of the strengths that

Security Audit Essay - 2237 Words

Security auditing in any company involves establishing security levels in the company’s system. It comprises of vulnerability scans, reviewing applications and systems controls, and analyzing physical access into the system. Auditing is carried out to ensure information integrity of a company’s data and reliability of data exchange process through networked environment. In most cases, security auditing is done to ensure security measures are in place to protect the company against loss of information to the outside world. This paper addresses all the issues involved in security auditing of Ariam travel agency’s network and its premises. Security Audit Ariam travel agency handles bulk information that contains sensitive customers and†¦show more content†¦Therefore, we construct a topological representation of critical security models that we intend to implement within the organization. Among the tools are firewalls, proxy servers, encryption facilities, logical security and access controls, antivirus software and auditing systems. Infrastructural design As displayed on the above network diagram, Ariam Travel Agency comprises of six data centers with head data center located at Sydney. Since Sydney holds vital information, we shall opt to stock it with an extra security firewall. The firewall on each data center is placed before a switch connection. At the main data center, we structure the topology in a manner that is unique from all the other data centers. This is purposed for security reasons. The layout at this center is complex and many security measures will be put in place to ensure integrity. Data center personnel Each data center has a number of staff that has access to data. However, we limit the amount and type of data that various personnel can access. We implement use of key cards, secure login IDs, security tokens, cryptographic keys and biometrics to tighten security in data. Special user accounts have an addition security features and uses high-level facial recognition element. In addition, we seek to restructure passwords and codes, we while keep on updating the biometric data and cryptographicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Audit and Investment Securities731 Words   |  3 PagesWe do not believe that the auditors from Friehling amp; Horowitz exercised due care and maintained professional skepticism throughout the audit. According to the AICPA website, â€Å"due professional care imposes a responsibility upon each professional within an independent auditors organization to observe the standards of field work and reporting† (AICPA). 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Computer Science University of Idaho shre6177@vandals.uidaho.edu Abstract A large number of real-world applications, use audit trails or logs to keep in track of system usage and error handling information. Security aspect of these log files and their retrieval from an untrusted machine becomes a topic of vital importance in computer forensics investigation [2, 3]. Accurate retrieval of data from these log files for gatheringRead MoreAnalysis Of Morgan Security Audit Pricewaterhouse Cooper1095 Words   |  5 PagesJ.P.Morgan security audit Pricewaterhouse Cooper INTRO According to Institute of Global Ethics â€Å"Ethics in its broader sense, deals with human conduct in relation to what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. It is the application of values to decision making. These values include honesty, fairness, responsibility, respect and compassion† (He 2017) therefore they are principles of right conduct. Unlike morals which are the principles of right/improper conduct depends person to person. BODY Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Audit1632 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment goes down, the rate of auditor litigation has increased. Lawsuits are a continuous threat to the auditing line of work. In this paper, we present evidence on lawsuits having a positive effect on auditors audit liabilities. It is the auditors’ responsibility to plan and complete the audit to obtain practical guarantee about if the financial statements are free of material misstatement or if they are caused by error or fraud. A mixture of court decisions and economic state of affairs has shapedRead MoreAudit Methodology For A Audit Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesAudit methodology The audit methodology will be used as a step by step guideline that will be used by the auditors to keep track of their progress and enable them to ensure that quality standards are maintained during the auditing phase. To audit the International Bank of Africa information system we will go through five phases or steps. Step one: Planning The first phase will determine the sort of audit team that will be assembled. The team selected will be best placed to handle all obstacles andRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act # 11 Titles971 Words   |  4 Pagesreliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes†. (Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002) Title I of the SOX comprises the creation of the Public Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB is a private-sector, nonprofit corporation which oversees the auditors of public companies. It is to protect the interests of the investors and to further the public interest when preparing informative, fair, and independent audit reports. The title (PWC, 2016) consists of 9 subsectionsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act # 11 Titles1734 Words   |  7 Pagesreliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes†. (Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002) Title I of the SOX involves the creation of the Public Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB is a private-sector, nonprofit corporation to oversee the auditors of public companies, in order to protect the interests of the investors and further the public interest in the preparation of informative, fair, and independent audit reports. There are 9 subsections in the title (PWC

The Ways Football Has Affected Society free essay sample

You should answer ALL parts of ALL questions in this booklet. If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question. Check that this booklet has pages 2–11 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO YOUR TEACHER AT THE END OF THE ALLOTTED TIME. You are advised to spend 60 minutes answering the questions in this booklet. In the box below, name the large natural environment you have studied. Large natural environment: Question One: patterns A large natural environment is a distinctive part of the earth’s surface and is defined by its common characteristics or elements. Each of these characteristics creates patterns on the earth’s surface. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways Football Has Affected Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (a) In the box below, draw an annotated sketch map or diagram of your chosen large natural environment to show the patterns created by TWO natural characteristics of your chosen environment. Title: Key: (b) Fully explain the pattern created by EACH natural characteristic from (a) on your large natural environment. Support your answer with detailed evidence. Characteristic 1: Characteristic 2: Question Two: INTERACTIONs The natural environment is constantly evolving as the elements (characteristics) and processes interact with each other. The level of interaction varies in size (scale) over time and from place to place. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. Discuss how the interaction between TWO characteristics varies from place to place in your large natural environment. In your answer, you should: explain how the characteristics interact fully explain how the interaction varies in different parts of the large natural environment use specific detailed evidence to support your answer. You may draw diagrams / maps in the box on page 7 to support your answer. Question Three: PerCEPTIONS Different groups of people and individuals perceive the natural environment in different ways. This perception can change over time. People’s perceptions are shaped by their background, their experiences, and their involvement with the particular natural environment. Name TWO different groups OR individuals linked to the large natural environment you have studied. Group / individual 1: Group / individual 2: (a) Complete the table below to show the perception each group / individual held about this large natural environment at TWO different points in time. In your answer, clearly state each point in time you are referring to, and include supporting evidence from your large natural environment. Group / individual Perception Perception 1 Point in time: Point in time: 2 Point in time: Point in time: (b) Fully explain why each group / individual’s perception has changed over time. Use detailed evidence to support your answer. (i) Group / individual 1: (ii) Group / individual 2: Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number

Smart Houses1 Essay Example For Students

Smart Houses1 Essay The world of computer technology is continuously advancing each and every day. We look back at what we had 5 years ago and are amazed to see how far we have come in such a short time. To know what to expect in the upcoming years is impossible, for technology is at such a constant increase. Computer technology is a wonderful tool and can benefit many people if you are willing to accept it. One of the advancements on the rise is Smart Houses. A Smart House is a house that is controlled by computers with artificial intelligence. Many people are choosing to turn their houses into smart ones in order to create a safer and more technological environment. Throughout my report, I will discuss some features that I would include in my own smart house, such as safety and convenience. I think the most common reason that my house will be a smart house is for safety purposes. Not only does it give a peace of mind to know that my house is protected at all times, but it gives protection in times of danger. Brinks Home Security provides several packages which you can accustom to your price range and allows you to pick the package which is right for your home.The standardized system is controlled by a digital keypad, which allows you to type in a 3-digit number that enables the system. It also features three panic buttons that directly contact the police department, the fire department, and the hospital in one quick touch of a button. This package comes with 2 door and window sensors that set the alarm off if they are opened while the system is armed. It also comes with a motion detector that detects heat and body movements. If any of these features are triggered, a siren will sound which makes your family and the intruder aware that the Brinks monitoring center are bei ng notified. Some extra features are a glass break protector, smoke heat detectors, and carbon monoxide detectors. The system also provides a keyless keyfob that allows you to enable or disable the system with a touch of a quick button.As you can see, the Brinks Home Security provides a thorough package of home safety features. Not only is it reliable, but also gives a secure way to keep your house safely protected. Other systems, such as the FireCracker Kit from X10.com , provide you with an affordable and easy system. It allows you to control all the systems in your house based from your computer. You can make your coffeepot start brewing or your turning off your lamp simply by the click of a mouse. Control all the lights in your house with your PC or with a remote. One touch of a button and your lights will be on, your heater turned up, and your bath tub already starting to get filled. How much better can it get?I would also have a Robo-dog in my Smart House. This is a robotic dog, which features a motion sensor that puts the dog into a barking frenzy when it is set off. This not only scares the intruder, but it also notifies me that there is something wrong. The Robo-dog provides the benefits of a good guard dog without the inconvenience of attending to a pet. It would be placed near the door so if an intruder breaks in, then my guard dog will stop him in his tracks. There are many simple an d affordable ways to keep your house, and mine, secure. Another common reason for a Smart House is convenience. Imagine being able to control the temperature of your house or turning on your lights with one simple phone call. X10 provides just that .The touch-tone controller activates lights, reboots PCs and sets air for heating or air conditioning with a quick touch of a button. I can access this via any touch-tone phone or from the manual control keypad placed in my house. This gives the convenience of coming home to a warm, well-light house without having to go through the hassle of putting wood in the wood-stove or waiting for the heater to heat up the house. A number of software programs are available that are needed to run a smart house. One of the programs suggested by the Home Automation Forum is the HomeSeer . This is a software program that allows you to run all of your computer-automated systemssuch as the touch-tone keypad. It has speech recognition and synthesis that allows you to control your programs simply by the sound of your voice. You simply need to program words into the system, such as bathroom light on and as soon as it recognizes your words, it turns the bathroom light on. It also allows variations, so if you said bathroom on it would also perform the same task. It also has an email alert program. If something is irregular in your house, it will notify you via email as soon as it notices the problem. This will give you the security in knowing your house is protected and watched at all times. The inventor of HomeSeer, Rich Helmke, is currently working on a new program that is a tapi phone interface. This will give you all the control you want, as described by the Home Automation Forum. A variety of free downloads of HomeSeer for trial offers are available at http://keware.com/download.htm#hscm11. .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .postImageUrl , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:hover , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:visited , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:active { border:0!important; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:active , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Majority of Ghanaians EssayAs you can see, the possibilities for a Smart Houses are endless. Home automation is on a rise and soon we will no longer have to worry about those tedious tasks that are so time consuming in our daily lives. Cooking cleaning wont even be a concern anymore, for your smart house will provide you with the living environment you desire. Consider making your house a smart house and provide your family with the security and convenience that they deserve. Bibliography:

Smart socket Essay Example

Smart socket Essay Although ad-hoc solutions exist for some of these problems, it is usually up to the applications user to discover the cause of the connectivity problems and find a solution. In this paper we describe Smokestacks, a communication library that lifts this burden by automatically discovering the connectivity problems and solving them with as little support from the user as possible. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C. 2. 4 [Distributed Systems]: Distributed applications General Terms: Algorithms, Design, Reliability Keywords: Connectivity Problems, Grids, Networking, Parallel Applications 1 . Parallel applications are increasingly run in Grid environments. Unfortunately, on many Grid sites the ability of machines to create or accept network connections is severely limited by network address translation (NAT) [14, 26] or firewalls [15]. There are even sites that completely disallow any direct communication between the compute nodes and the rest of the world (e. G. , the French Grinding system [3]). In addition, multi homing (machines with multiple network addresses) can further complicate connection setup. We will write a custom essay sample on Smart socket specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smart socket specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smart socket specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For parallel applications that require direct communication between their components, these limitations have hampered the transition from traditional multi receptors or cluster systems to Grids. When a combination of Grid sites is used, serious connectivity problems are often encountered. Smokestacks is part of the Ibis project, and can be found at http://www. CSS. Vi. Ml/ibis Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or the full citation on the first page. Many problems, however, can only be solved by adapting the application or the communication library it uses. To make matters worse, as soon as the set of Grid systems being used changes, large part of this process needs to be repeated. As a result, running a parallel application on multiple Grid sites can be a strenuous task [34]. In this paper we will describe a solution to this problem: the Smokestacks communication library. The primary focus of Smokestacks is on ease of use. It automatically discovers a wide range of connectivity problems and attempts to solve them with little or no support from the user. Smokestacks combines many known solutions, such as port forwarding, TCP splicing and SSH tunneling, and introduces several new ones that resolve problems with multi homing and machine identification. In 30 connection setup experiments, using 6 different sites worldwide, Smokestacks was always able to establish a connection, while conventional sockets only worked in 6 experiments. Using heuristics and caching, Smokestacks is able to significantly improve the connection setup performance. Smokestacks offers a single integrated solution that hides the complexity of connection setup in Grids behind a simple interface that closely resembles sockets. We will show that it is relatively straightforward to port an existing application to Smokestacks, provided that certain programming guidelines are followed. Smokestacks is not specifically intended for use in parallel applications or Grids. It can also be applied to other distributed applications, such as visualization, cooperative environments, or even consumer applications such as instant messaging, file sharing, or online gaming. However, many of these applications only require a very limited degree of connectivity. Often, clients simply connect to a server in a well-known location, making it relatively easy to apply an ad-hoc solution when a connectivity problem occurs. Parallel applications, however, can be much more challenging. They often require a large number of connections between the participating machines, and each machine must such applications in a Grid environment with limited connectivity is difficult. Therefore, this paper will focus on this domain. N Section 2 we describe the connectivity related problems encountered while running applications on multiple Grid sites. Section 3 describes how these problems are solved in Smokestacks and briefly looks at the programming interface. Section 4 evaluates the performance of Smokestacks, Section 5 describes related work, and Section 6 concludes. 2. CONNECTIVITY PROBLEMS In this section we will give a description of the network related problems that can occur when running a single parallel or distributed application on multiple Grid sites. . 1 Firewalls As described in [1 5], A firewall is an agent which screens network traffic in some way, blocking traffic it believes to be inappropriate, dangerous, or both. . Many sites use firewalls to protect their network from unauthorized access. Firewalls usually allow outbound connections, but block incoming connections, often with the exception of a few welkin ports (e. G. , port 22 for SSH). It is obvious that this inactivity restriction can cause severe problems when running a parallel application on multiple sites. When only a single participating site uses firewall, the connectivity problems can sometimes be solved by ensuring that the connections setups are in the right direction, I. E. , that all required connections between open and firewall machines are initiated at the firewall site. This solution may require changes to the applications or communication libraries, however. Also, if both sites use a firewall, this approach can no longer be used. In this case, a firewall will always be encountered regardless of he connection setup direction. One way to solve the problems is to request an open port range in the firewall. Connectivity can then be restored by adapting the application to only use ports in this range. Besides requiring reconfiguration of the firewall, open ports are also seen as a threat to site security. When both machines are behind a firewall it may still be possible to establish a direct connection using a mechanism called TCP splicing [6, 10, 13, 20]. Simply put, this mechanism works by simultaneously performing a connection setup from both sides. Since this approach requires explicit cooperation teens the machines, some alternative communication channel must be available. . 2 Network Address Translation As described in [21], Network Address Translation is a method by which IP addresses are mapped from one address realm to another, providing transparent routing to end hosts. . NAT was introduced in [12] as a temporary solution to the problem of IPPP address depletion. Although the intended solution for this problem, IPPP, has been available for some time, NAT is still widely used to day. Frequently used [21, 29]. This type of NAT allows outbound connections from sites using riveter addresses, but does not allow incoming connections. Both the IP address (and related fields) and the transport identifier (e. G. , TCP and JODI port numbers) of packets are translated, thereby preventing port number collisions when a set of hosts share a single external address. As mentioned above, NAT only allows outbound network connections. Incoming connections are rejected, since the connection request does not contain enough information to find the destination machine (I. E. , only the external IP address is provided, but that may be shared by many machines). This restriction leads to connectivity problems hat are very similar to those caused by firewalls. Therefore, the solution described in Section 2. 1 (connecting in the right direction) also applies too NAT setup, and fails in a similar way when multiple NAT sites try to interconnect. Although the TCP splicing mechanism can also be used to connect two NAT sites, a more complex algorithm is required to compensate for the port translation performed by NAT [6, 20]. Some NAT implementations have support for port forwarding, where all incoming connections on a certain port can be automatically forwarded to a certain host inside the NAT site. Using mechanisms such as Upon [5], DIF [28], or MEDICO [30], applications can contact the NAT implementation and change the port forwarding rules on demand. Port forwarding lifts many of the restrictions on incoming connections. Unfortunately, Upon is mostly found in consumer devices, MEDICO is still under development, and DIF only supports NAT (and firewall) implementations based on Interfile [1]. As a result, these mechanisms are not (yet) generally usable in Grid applications. Currently, Smokestacks only supports Upon. In addition to causing connection setup problems, NAT also complicates machine identification. Machines in a NAT tit generally use IP addresses in the private range [26]. These addresses are only usable within a local network and are not globally unique. Unfortunately, parallel applications often use a machines IP address to create a unique identifier for that machine. When multiple NAT sites participate in a single parallel run, however, this approach can not be used, since the machine addresses are no longer guaranteed to be unique. 2. 3 Non-routed networks On some sites no direct communication between the compute nodes and the outside world is possible due to a strict separation between the internal and external networks. No aching is accessible, and the connectivity of this machine may be limited by a firewall or NAT. Two of the sites used in Section 4 use such a setup. It is clear that this is a major limitation when the site is used in a parallel application. The only possibility for the compute nodes to communicate with other sites is to use front-end machine as a bridge to the outside world, using, for example, an SSH tunnel or a SOCKS [24] proxy. These are non-trivial to set up, however. 2. 4 Multi Homing When multi-homed machines (I. E. , machines with multiple network addresses) participate in a parallel application, another interesting problem occurs. When creating a connection to such a machine, a choice must be made on which of the possible target addresses to use. The outcome of this choice may depend on the location of the machine that initiates the connection. For example, the front-end machine of a site has two addresses, a public one, reachable over the internet, and a private one used to communicate with the sites compute nodes. As a result, a different address must be used to reach teachings depending on whether the connection originates inside or outside of the site. In [34] we called this the Reverse Routing Problem. Normally, when a multi-homed machine is trying to connect to a single IP address, a routing table on the machine decides which network is used for the outgoing connection. In the example described above the reverse problem is encountered. Instead of having to decide how to exit a multi-homed machine, we must decide on how to enter it. This problem is non-trivial, since the source machine generally does not have enough information available to select the correct target address. As a result, several connection attempts to different addresses of the target may be necessary before a connection can be established. In Section 3. 2 we will describe heuristics that can be used to speed up this process. Multi homing can have a major effect on the implementation of parallel programming libraries. The example above shows that it is not sufficient to use a single address to represent a multi-homed machine. Instead, all addresses must be made available to the other participants of the parallel application. In addition, some of the addresses may be in a private range and refer to a different machine when used in a different site. Therefore, it is also essential to check if a connection was established to the correct machine. 3. SMOKESTACKS In this section we will give an overview of the design, implementation and programming interface of the Smokestacks library, and describe how it solves the problems described in the previous section. 3. 1 Overview Currently, Smokestacks offers four different connection setup mechanisms, Direct, Reverse, Splicing, and Routed. An overview of how these mechanisms solve the connectivity problems described in Section 2. As the table shows, each problem is solved by at least one mechanism. Table 1 : Overview of connectivity problems and their solutions. Connection Setup Mechanism Problems Direct Reverse Splicing Routed Identification X Multi Homing X Single FEW/NAT pox xx Dual MINOT (X) XX No Routing X The machine identification and multi-homing problems are solved by the direct connection setup. As will be explained below, this approach also has limited firewall traversal capabilities (using SSH tunneling), so in certain situations it may succeed in establishing a connection in a single or even a dual firewall setting. In the table these entries are shown between brackets. A reverse connection setup is only capable of creating a connection when a single firewall or NAT limits the connectivity. Splicing is capable of middling both single and dual firewall/NAT configurations. However, this approach is significantly more complex than a reverse connection setup (especially with dual NAT) and may not always succeed. Therefore, reverse connection setup is preferred for single firewall/NAT configurations. A routed connection setup can be used in any situation where the connectivity is limited. Unlike the previous two approaches it does not result in a direct connection. Instead all network traffic is routed via external processes called hubs (explained in Section 3. 3), which may degrade both latency and throughput of the connection. Therefore, the previous mechanisms are preferred. When connecting to or from a machine on a non-routed network, however, a routed connection is the only choice. The Smokestacks implementation is divided into two layers, a low-level Direct Connection Layer, responsible for all actions that can be initiated on a single machine, and a high-level Virtual Connection Layer that uses side-channel communication to implement actions that require cooperation of multiple machines. The direct connection layer is implemented using the standard socket library. The virtual connection layer is implemented using the direct connection layer. Both layers will be explained in more detail below. Currently, Smokestacks is implemented using Java [2]. 3. 2 Direct Connection Layer do not require explicit cooperation between machines, such as determining the local addresses or creating a direct connection. It also supports a limited form of SSH tunneling. 3. 2. 1 Machine Identification During initialization, the direct connection layer starts by scanning all available network interfaces to determine which IP addresses are available to the machine. It then generates a unique machine identifier that contains these addresses, and that can be used to contact the machine. This identifier will automatically be unique if it contains at least one public address. If all addresses are private, however, additional work must be done. A machine that only has private addresses is either in a NAT site or uses a non-routed network. In the first case, a unique identifier can still be generated for the machine by acquiring the external address of the NAT. Provided that this address is public, the combination of external and machine addresses should also be unique, since other machines in the same NAT site should have a different set of private addresses, and all other NAT sites should have different external address. The Smokestacks library will use Upon to discover the external address of the NAT site. If this discovery fails, or if the returned address is not public, a Universally Unique Identifier (JUDI) [23], will be generated and included in the machine identifier, thereby making it unique. 3. 2. 2 Connection Setup Once initialized, the direct connection layer can be used to set up connections to other machines. The identifier of the target machine may contain multiple network addresses, some of which may not be reachable from the current location. The private dresses in the identifier may even refer to a completely different machine, so it is important that the identity of the machine is checked during connection setup. As a result, several connection attempts may be necessary before the correct connection can be established. When multiple target addresses are available, a choice must be made in which order the connection attempts will be performed. Although simply using the addresses in an arbitrary order should always result in a connection (pro-vided that a direct connection is possible), this may not be the most efficient approach. Many Grid sites offer historiographer networks such as Merriment [7] or Infinite [4] in addition to a regular Ethernet network. Using such a network for inter-site communication may significantly improve the applications performance. In general, these fast networks are not routed and use addresses in the private range, while the regular Ethernet networks (often) use public addresses. Therefore, by sorting the target addresses and trying all private ones first, the fast local networks will automatically be selected in sites with such a setup. The drawback of if the connection originates on a different site. This may cause a significant overhead. Therefore, Smokestacks uses a heuristic that sorts the target addresses in relation to the addresses that are available locally. For example, if only a public address is available on the local machine, it is unlikely that it will be able to create a direct connection to a private address of a target. As a result, the connection order public before private is used. This order is also used if both machines have public and private addresses, but the private addresses refer to a different network (e. G. , 10. 0. 0. 10 vs 192. 168. 1. 20). The order private before public is only used if both machines have private addresses in the same range. Section 4 will illustrate the performance benefits of this heuristic. Unfortunately, it is impossible to make a distinction between addresses of the same class. For example, if a target has multiple private addresses, we can not automatically determine which address is best. Therefore, if a certain network is preferred, the user must specify this explicitly. Without this explicit configuration, Smokestacks will still create a direct connection (if possible), and the parallel application will run, but its performance may be suboptimal. When a connection has been established, an identity check s performed to ensure that the correct machine has been reached. This would be a simple comparison if the complete identifier of the target is available, but unfortunately this is not always the case. User provided addresses are often used to bootstrap a parallel application. These addresses are often limited to a single hosannas or IP address, which may only be part of the addresses available to the target machine. Therefore, the identity check used by Smokestacks also allows the use of partial identifiers. Whenever a connection is created, the target machine provides its complete identity o the machine initiating the connection. This machine then checks if both the public and private addresses in the partial identity are a subset of the ones in the complete identity. If so, the partial identity is accepted as a subset of the complete identity, and the connection is established. Note that although the connection is created to a machine that matches the address specified by the user, it is not necessarily the correct machine from the viewpoint of the parallel application. Unfortunately, in such cases it is up to the user to provide an address that contains enough information to reach the correct machine. . 2. 3 Open Port Ranges and Port Forwarding When a firewall has an open port range available, Smokestacks can ensure that all sockets used for incoming connections are bound to a port in this range. There is no way of discovering this range automatically, however, so it must be specified explicitly by the user. In addition, Smokestacks can use the Upon protocol to configure a NAT to do port forwarding, I. E. Automatically forward all incoming connections on a certain external port to a specified internal address. However, as explained before, this protocol is mainly used in consumer devices. In addition to regular network connections, the direct connection layer also has limited support for SSH tunneling. This feature is useful for connecting to machines behind a firewall that allows SSH connections to pass through. It does, however, require a suitabl e SSH setup (I. E. , public key authentication must be enabled). Creating an SSH tunnel is similar to a regular connection setup. The target addresses are sorted and tried consecutively. Instead of using the port specified in the connection setup, however, the default SSH port (I. E. , 22) is used. When a connection is established and the authentication is successful, the receiving SSH daemon is instructed to forward all traffic to the original destination port on the same machine. If this succeeds, the regular identity check will be performed to ensure that the right machine has been reached. Although this approach is useful, it can only be used to set up a tunnel to a different process on the target machine. Using this approach to forward traffic to different machines requires extra information. For example, setting up an SSH tunnel to a compute node of a site through the sites fronted, can only be done if it is clear that the fronted must be contacted in order to reach the target machine. Although this approach is used in some projects [8], the necessary information cannot be obtained automatically and must be provided by the user. Therefore, Smokestacks uses a different approach which will be described in detail in Section 3. 3. 3. 2. Limitations The direct connection layer offers several types of connection setup which have in common that they can be initiated by a single machine. No explicit cooperation between machines is necessary to establish the connection. There are many cases, however, where connectivity is too limited and the direct connection layer cannot be used. In general, direct connections to sites that use NAT or a firewall are not possible. Although SSH tunneling and o pen port ranges alleviate the firewall problems, they require a suitable SSH setup or extra information from the user. Port forwarding reduces the problems with NAT, but is rarely supported in Grid systems. Therefore, these features are of limited use. In the next section we will give a detailed description of the virtual connection layer, which solves these problems. 3. 3 Virtual Connection Layer Like the direct connection layer, the virtual connection layer implements several types of connection setup. It offers a simple, socket-like API and has a modular design, making it easy to extend. Besides a direct module that uses the direct connection layer described above, it contains several modules that offer more advanced types of connection setup. These modules have in common that they cooperation (and thus communication) between the source and target machines in order to establish a connection. As a result, side-channel communication is required to implement these modules. 3. 3. 1 Side-Channel Communication In Smokestacks, side-channel communication is implemented by creating a network f interconnected processes called hubs. These hubs are typically started on the fronted machines of each participating site, so their number is usually small. When a hub is started, the location of one or more other hubs must be provided. Each hub will attempt to setup a connection to the others using the direct connection layer. Although many of these connections may fail to be established, this is not a problem as long as a spanning tree is created that connects all hubs. The hubs use a gossiping protocol to exchange information about themselves and the hubs they know, with the hubs that they are connected to. This way information about each hub quickly spreads to all hubs in the network. Whenever a hub receives information about a hub it has not seen before, it will attempt to set up a connection to this hub. This way, new connections will be discovered automatically. All gossiped information contains a state number indicating the state of the originating machine when the information was sent. Since information from a hub may reach another hub through multiple paths, the state number allows the receiver to decide which information is most recent. By recording the length of the path traversed thus far in he gossiped information, hubs can determine the distance to the sites that they can not reach directly. Whenever a hub receives a piece of information about another hub containing a shorter distance than it has seen so far, it will remember both the distance and the hub from which the information was obtained. This way, we automatically create a distributed routing table with the shortest paths between each pair of hubs. This table is later used to forward application information (as will be described below). When an application is started, the virtual layer on each machine creates a single connection to the hub local to its tit. The location of this hub can either be explicitly species- fled or discovered automatically using JODI multicast. 3. 3. 2 Virtual Addresses The connection to the hub can now be used as a side channel to forward requests to otherwise unreachable machines. To ensure that the target machines can be found, addresses are used, consisting of the machine identifier (see Section 3. 2), a port number, and the identifier of the hub the machine is connected to. All requests for the target machine can then be sent to the local hub, which forwards it in the direction of the target

Juche essays

Juche essays Comrade Kim Il Sung was a member of the Presidium of the Political Bureau, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, and a member of the Party Central Military Commission. He had created the Juche (defined as self-reliance) idea in the 1950s for the purpose of cutting off Soviet Union influence, and a way purge political opponents (The People's Korea). He emphasized that it was "the idea that the masters of the revolution are the most popular masses and that the masses are the motive force of the revolution" (Hookon, 95). In other words, it was the idea that one is the master of his/her own destiny. At that time, the "de-Stalinization" movements were occurring in the Soviet Union after the death of Stalin, who had helped Kim Il Sung achieve power. In addition, due to the failure of the Korean War, criticism against Kim Il Sung was also on the rise. He used the notion of Juche Ideology to support political campaigns "designed to prevent the influence of the "de-Stal inization" movement from infiltrating into North Korea," and to motivate the people to adapt the spirit of self-reliance in coping with the economic difficulties (Hun, 45). North Korea asserts that the Juche Ideology is a creative adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to the conditions of North Korean society. Juche embraces philosophical, socio-historical, and guiding principals: The philosophical principals explains that a man is the master of everything, of the world and his own destiny. He also decides everything, meaning that he plays a decisive role in changing the world and in shaping his own destiny. The socio-historical principal represents a new view of social history. It explains that the popular masses are the subject of social history. This history of human society is the history of the struggle to realize and defend the Chajusong (independence) of the popular masses (TMCCWPK). The socio-historical movement was a movement of the popul...

The Regions of Europe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Regions of Europe - Research Paper Example The diversified nature of the Vojvodina can be well grasped with the presence of well over 26 ethnic groups within the region that has left the region with no other option but to give a total of six languages the status of the official language. If Vojvodina is an autonomous province within Serbia then Kosovo moves even a step further. Kosovo is an all together disputed territory after the break up of Yugoslavia. It claims itself as Republic of Kosovo yet has managed only partial recognition till date. Serbia claims it a region under UN control and does not confer the republican status to Kosovo. Both these places of Serbia (leaving the ambiguity of past and present aside), namely Vojvodina and Kosovo attracts attention owing to their unique existence. The present paper will highlight both these places in terms of their location, geography, history demography, major cities and economy; starting with Vojvodina. Vojvodina Location: Vojvodina is placed at the northern part of Serbia. To be precise it is in the famous Pannonian Plain of Central Europe. The total area of the region is 21,506 kilometers that accounts for one fourth of the total Serbian territory. Vojvodina has common boundaries with Hungary (North), Romania (East), Croatia (West) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (South West). (Bogunovic) Map of Vojvodina (ADAGIO) Geography: Before explaining the topography of the region, it is important to highlight the reasons behind such topography. As mentioned earlier that the region is a part of the Pannonin plain, hence it shares mostly a flat landscape with fertile soil well suited for cultivation. Again Danube, Sava and Tisza the three main rivers that run through the region have divided it into three geographical regions, namely Backa, Banat and Syrmia. Though it has been mentioned earlier that the region demonstrates a predominantly flat landscape but owing to the presence of Fruska Gora Mountain in Syrmia region and Vrsacke Planine Mountain at South East Banat, topography of both the regions differs from that of Vojvodina in general. (Bogunovic) One of the distinctive features of the place is the presence of a wet land amidst the region. Gornje Podunavlje which was designated as a wetland around four years back in 2007 has an area of 224.8 square kilometres and is the largest in Serbia. A much smaller wet land with 9.76 square kilometres of area Slano Kopovo also is in Vojvodina. (Serbia) Vojvodina’s climate is shaped by the air from northern and western Europe that results in a continental climate all over the place. The annual average temperature is 11.0 degree centre grade. In January it is lowest at -0.7 degree centre grade and in July it is highest at 21.3 degree centre grade. Annual precipitation is 602.0 mm with a relative humidity of 75%. Evaporation at the mentioned place is 738 mm on an average. It is worth mentioning that the above cited climate related statistics is an average of 50 years (1949-1999) over 12 places. (ADA GIO) History: The area shares a rich history and from ancient times it has been handed over from one monarchy to the other. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was last of the monarchs who were in charge of Vojvodina. After the collapse of the Empire at the end of First World War the region became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Later (1929-1941) it became known as